3/11/2024 0 Comments Pes 2013 highly compressed 941 mb![]() The PE-based formulations that have been assessed in clinical trials in either immediate-release or enteric-coated solid dosage forms produce low and variable oral BA due to these uncontrollable physiological factors. The capacity to maintain high concentrations of co-presented agents at the epithelium is not reached by standard oral dosage forms in the upper GI tract in vivo due to dilution, interference from luminal components, fast intestinal transit, and possible absorption of the PE per se. ![]() PEs are typically screened in static in vitro and ex-vivo models where co-presentation of active agent and PE in high concentrations allows the PE to alter barrier integrity with sufficient contact time to promote flux across the intestinal epithelium. Still, average BA values of ~1% were sufficient for two recent FDA approvals of semaglutide and octreotide oral formulations. Several hundred PEs increase intestinal permeability in preclinical bioassays, yet few have progressed to clinical testing and, of those, only incremental increases in oral bioavailability (BA) have been observed. ![]() The use of chemical permeation enhancers (PEs) is the most widely tested approach to improve oral absorption of low permeability active agents, as represented by peptides.
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